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Old 11th December 2007, 07:34 PM
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Human evolution is 'speeding up'

Quote:
Human evolution is 'speeding up'
By Anna-Marie Lever
Science and nature reporter, BBC News

Humans have moved into the evolutionary fast lane and are becoming increasing different, a genetic study suggests.

In the past 5,000 years, genetic change has occurred at a rate roughly 100 times higher than any other period, say scientists in the US.

This is in contrast with the widely-held belief that recent human evolution has halted.

The research has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Professor Henry Harpending, an author of the study from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, US, said: "The dogma has been these [differences] are cultural fluctuations, but almost any temperament trait you look at is under strong genetic influences.

"Genes are evolving fast in Europe, Asia and Africa, but almost all of these are unique to their continent of origin," he added. "We are getting less alike, not merging into a single, mixed humanity."

This is happening, he said, because "there has not been much flow" between different regions since modern humans left Africa to colonise the rest of the world. And there is no evidence that it is slowing down, he added.

"The technology can't detect anything beyond about 2,000 years ago, but we see no sign of [human evolution] slowing down. So I would suspect it is continuing," he told BBC News.

New gene selection

Researchers found evidence of recent selection in 7% of all human genes, including lighter skin and blue eyes in northern Europe and partial resistance to diseases, such as malaria, among some African populations.

"At the moment we are in an evolutionary interval. We are in between two storms "
Professor Steve Jones, geneticist

"Five thousand years is such a small sliver of time," said co-author Professor John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. "It's 100 or 200 generations ago. That's how long since some of these genes originated, and today they are [in] 30% or 40% of people because they've had such an advantage."

The researchers propose that there are two factors causing human evolution to speed up.

"One of them is there are a lot more people - the more people you have the more opportunities there are for an advantageous mutation to show up," said Professor Harpending.

A large population has more genetic variation and allows for more positive selection than a small one.

"The second is environmental change - our diets have changed, we are in radically new environments," he added. "With a large population size comes lots of new diseases."

Happening now?

However, geneticist Professor Steve Jones of University College London said suggesting a large population size could increase the speed of evolution was "a contentious issue".

"Once a population gets above a very small size it is not very clear if its ability to respond to natural selection depends on size," he told BBC News.

"The general picture that evolution has speeded up in the last 10,000 years as we change from, to put it bluntly, being animals to being humans is clearly true," he explained. "To suggest it is happening at this instant, I would suggest, is probably wrong."

He said natural selection needed difference - either in the ability to stay alive or in the number of offspring born.

"The fundamental observation is that this difference has gone," said Professor Jones.

"At the moment we are in an evolutionary interval. We are in between two storms. One storm has more or less blown itself out, the storm of farming.

"The question is whether we are going to stay in the calms or whether another great storm will start. And if there is one, I would say it is most certainly to do with epidemic disease."

How they did it

The study looked specifically at genetic variations called "single nucleotide polymorphisms," or SNPs. These are single-point mutations, or changes, in the genetic sequence of DNA on chromosomes.

If the mutation is advantageous then it will spread rapidly in the population, along with DNA on either side of the mutation.

The authors argued that if the same chromosome from numerous people had a segment with an identical pattern of SNPs this would indicate that the segment of the chromosome had not been broken up (recombined) recently.

Therefore, a gene on that segment of chromosome must have evolved recently and fast, they believe. If it had evolved long ago, the chromosome would have broken up and recombined.
BBC - Science/Nature


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Old 11th December 2007, 11:20 PM
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Well, don't tell 4Pillars!

He'll want to start another thread explaining, at far greater length and much more detail than I care to read, why it isn't so. I just don;t have the time to read any more of his threads, right now...keepin up with the ones he has started is enough!!!

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Old 12th December 2007, 01:07 AM
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My guess is that human evolution is not speeding up but slowing down. What is speeding up is human involution or devolution because of the lessening of conscious influences due to man made planetary conditions.
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Old 12th December 2007, 03:12 PM
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One thing that seems quite possibly missing in their formulations (I certainly don't know this with any certainty since I have not obviously read the entire documentation), is that evolution tends to produce more rapid changes in smaller societies. Here's briefly why:

If there's a population of 100 in a gene pool (a group that reproduces mostly only within itself), if there's one mutation, the potential change (assuming reproduction) is 1/100. On the other hand, if there's one mutation in a population of 1 million, the potential change is only 1/1,000,000. Obviously 1/100 is much larger than 1/1,000,000.

Since our societies tend to be very large today and intermarriage is very widespread among most groups, the end result probably is a substantial slowing down of the evolutionary process. However, a major catastrophe that wipes out most of the human population (heaven forbid!), could very quickly change that.

Shalom,
Vern
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Old 13th December 2007, 04:48 AM
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Thanks aged hippy. A very interesting subject. It also ties in with the idea that time itself is speeding up, which is talked about in some of the new spirituality books and channeled material.

Not too long ago, I ran into this little paper on the internet that talks about the exponetial rate of evolution as being indicative of a "force" (because random evolution would simply continue at a steady pace without acceleration. I think it's extremely interesting. It's an easy read, too.

Discussion Page - Creative Force
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Old 13th December 2007, 02:55 PM
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Quote:
Originally Posted by angeleyes
Not too long ago, I ran into this little paper on the internet that talks about the exponetial rate of evolution as being indicative of a "force" (because random evolution would simply continue at a steady pace without acceleration. I think it's extremely interesting. It's an easy read, too.

If I may butt in.

There's some real problems with the assumptions made by the author in the article. For example, he writes: "The Ultimate Theory of Everything predicts that a creative force is an inherent primary property of the universe and has been present from the very beginning of the expansionary process."

Physicists and mathematicians have not drawn such a conclusion as there being an outside "force" that explains the Theory of Everything. Matter of fact, since there has not been any confirmed formulation that explains the ToE, how could one possibly jump to the conclusion that there must be such a "force"?

Secondly, the expansion of organisms in regards to what we see in the fossil record by no means indicates an outside "force". There's an old rule in economics that can be applied here: the more tools you have, the more tools you can have. IOW, a thousand organisms evolving will tend to produce more variability that a hundred organisms also evolving. We see this being played out in the Cambrian Explosion, for example, whereas we see multi-celled organisms producing myriads of new species, which is quite logical since multi-celled organisms have much more variability due to the fact that these multiple cells can be arranged in various ways.

There's other problems with the article as well, but I'll stop here for now. BTW, I have numerous books written by research physicists, mathematicians, and cosmologists, and if anyone needs any recommendations, I be happy to give you a list and which ones I'd especially recommend.

Shalom,
Vern
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Old 2nd January 2008, 02:33 AM
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Quote:
Originally Posted by metis
One thing that seems quite possibly missing in their formulations (I certainly don't know this with any certainty since I have not obviously read the entire documentation), is that evolution tends to produce more rapid changes in smaller societies. Here's briefly why:

If there's a population of 100 in a gene pool (a group that reproduces mostly only within itself), if there's one mutation, the potential change (assuming reproduction) is 1/100. On the other hand, if there's one mutation in a population of 1 million, the potential change is only 1/1,000,000. Obviously 1/100 is much larger than 1/1,000,000.

Since our societies tend to be very large today and intermarriage is very widespread among most groups, the end result probably is a substantial slowing down of the evolutionary process. However, a major catastrophe that wipes out most of the human population (heaven forbid!), could very quickly change that.

Shalom,
Vern
Metis, keep in mind the amount of time we are talking. Yes, 5000 years is relatively short, but societies (i.e. what has become h. sapiens enviroment) has changed very rapidly. With rapid enviromental change comes rapid evolution. So from a purely logical perspective, rapid evolution should be expected.
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Old 2nd January 2008, 04:41 AM
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I can see from reading these responses that I appreciate both evolution and human evolution much differently. To help in my understanding, is there someone willing to describe how you've determined that humanity is evolving and how you differentiate human evolution from human adaptation?
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Old 2nd January 2008, 04:43 AM
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Nick_A
I can see from reading these responses that I appreciate both evolution and human evolution much differently. To help in my understanding, is there someone willing to describe how you've determined that humanity is evolving and how you differentiate human evolution from human adaptation?
I'm not sure how to respond since I'm not sure how human evolution and human adaptation differ.
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Old 2nd January 2008, 04:29 PM
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Judaism

Quote:
Originally Posted by scitsofreaky
Metis, keep in mind the amount of time we are talking. Yes, 5000 years is relatively short, but societies (i.e. what has become h. sapiens enviroment) has changed very rapidly. With rapid enviromental change comes rapid evolution. So from a purely logical perspective, rapid evolution should be expected.

Rapid environmental change would only cause more rapid evolution by itself if the effect was to sharply reduce the population numbers in most cases. Environmental change does not effect mutations (much higher radiation levels and higher levels of chemicals that might affect chromosomes would be the exceptions, and the latter has probably occurred to a certain extent) or random genetic drift, thus leaving natural selection as the only apparent significant variable at this time. But since natural selection works only on the basis of survivability leading to reproduction, the numbers people in this tremendously huge gene pool are simply too large to expect rapid change for reasons previously given.

Shalom,
Vern
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